Risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com alterações metabólicas / Detection of risk for type 2 diabetes and its relationship with metabolic alterations in nurses / Detección de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 y su relación con alteraciones metabólicas en enfermeras

Objetivo: identificar o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com as alterações metabólicas. Método: estudo transversal, com 155 enfermeiras. As variáveis investigadas foram: sociodemográficas, índice de massa corporal, a circunferência da cintura, índice cintura-quadril, perfil lipídico, a glicemia basal e a curva oral de tolerância à glicose. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se o Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: Das 155 (100%) enfermeiras, a média de idade foi de 44 anos e 85% apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade; 52% tinham história familiar de diabetes e 21%, hiperglicemia ocasional. Em relação ao risco, 59% foram identificados com risco moderado e muito alto de diabetes tipo 2. A glicose, a insulina, a hemoglobina glicosilada A1c e a resistência à insulina aumentaram paralelamente ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2, embora os lipídios não tenham aumentado. 27% das participantes apresentaram glicemia em jejum alterada, 15%, intolerância à glicose e 5%, diabetes tipo 2. Conclusão: houve uma elevada taxa de detecção de risco de diabetes tipo 2 (59%) e a pontuação de risco alto e muito alto foi associado com níveis elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada A1c, glicose, insulina e resistência à insulina, mas não com lipídios.

Objective: to detect the risk of development of type 2 diabetes in nurses and its relationship with metabolic alterations. Method: cross-sectional study, with 155 nurses. The variables investigated were: sociodemographic, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip index, lipid profile, basal glycemia and oral glucose tolerance curve. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was used to collect data. Results: 155 nurses were included, with an average age of 44 years and 85% were overweight or obese. 52% had a family history of diabetes and 21% had occasional hyperglycemia. With respect to the risk, 59% were identified with moderate and very high risk for type 2 diabetes. Glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance increased in parallel to the increased risk for type 2 diabetes, although lipids did not increase. 27% of the sample had impaired fasting glycemia. 15% had glucose intolerance and 5% had type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: there was a high detection rate of people at risk for type 2 diabetes (59%) and the high and very high risk score was associated with high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, but not with lipids.

Objetivo: identificar el riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 en enfermeras y su relación con alteraciones metabólicas. Método: estudio transversal, con 155 enfermeras. Las variables investigadas fueron: sociodemográficas, el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, índice cintura-cadera, perfil de lípidos, glucemia basal y curva de tolerancia oral a la glucosa. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: De las 155 enfermeras, la edad promedio fue 44 años y 85% tenía sobrepeso u obesidad. El 52% tenía antecedentes familiares de diabetes de primera línea, el 21% hiperglucemia ocasional. Con relación al riesgo, se identificaron 59% con riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado y muy alto. Glucosa, insulina, hemoglobina glucosa A1c y la resistencia a la insulina incrementaron paralelos al aumento del riesgo de diabetes tipo 2, aunque los lípidos no. El 27% de las enfermeras presentó glucemia basal alterada. El 15% tuvo intolerancia a la glucosa y 5% diabetes tipo 2. Conclusión: la detección de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 fue elevada (59%) y el puntaje de riesgo alto y muy alto se relacionó con valores mayores de hemoglobina glucosa A1c, glucosa, insulina y resistencia a la insulina pero no con lípidos.

Barreras y facilitadores para la práctica de lactancia materna exclusiva en un grupo de madres de la ciudad de méxico / Barriers and facilitators of exclusive breastfeeding practice in mothers from mexico city

La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) representa beneficios para la madre y bebé. Sin embargo, México no logra las cifras esperadas, debido a que influyen factores de la madre y su entorno. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las principales barreras y facilitadores para la práctica de LME en un grupo de madres de la Ciudad de México. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en una Universidad. Participaron 500 madres trabajadoras y sus conocidas, de 19 a 45 años, clínicamente sanas, que su último hijo tuviera 6-24 meses de edad. Respondieron encuestas sobre principales barreras y facilitadores para LME y su autopercepción de la lactancia. Se compararon frecuencias de principales barreras y facilitadores de LME y se realizaron modelos de regresión logística con la no práctica de LME como variable dependiente. Los principales facilitadores fueron: buen acomodo del bebé (54%, n=270), paciencia-perseverancia (46%, n=230). Las variables asociadas a no practicar LME fueron: autopercepción negativa de LME (RM:7,48; IC95%:3,78-14,98), ser principal proveedora de ingreso (RM:2,42; IC95%:1,25-4,68) ser madre soltera (RM:1,92; IC95%:1,13-3,25), sentir que no sale leche (RM:2,31; IC 95%:1,27-4,20) y falta de información (RM:1,91; IC95%:1,01-2,98). Existe necesidad de contar con programas de educación pre y posnatal sobre la LME, así como de la extracción y conservación de leche oportuna en todos los grupos de madres, pero enespecial a aquellas que trabajan fuera del hogar(AU)

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) brings benefits for both mother and child. Nevertheless, Mexico has low number of EBF, due to different factors related to mother and her environment. The objective of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators of EBF in a sample of mothers from Mexico City. A cross-sectional study was performed in a University, including 500 healthy female mothers and their acquaintances, aged 19-45 y, whom their last child was 6-24 months of age. They responded a questionnaire to obtain information about the main barriers and facilitators for EBF and self-perception of EBF practice. Frequencies were calculated to identify main barriers and facilitators. A logistic regression model was performed using non-EBF as outcome. Main facilitators for EBF were good baby's position (54%, n=270), patience and perseverance (46% n=230). Main barriers were negative self-perception of EBF (OR:7.48; CI95%:3.78-14.98), being the main provider at home (OR:2.42; CI95%:1.25-4.68), being single mother (OR:1.92; CI95%:1.13-3.25), the sensation of no having milk (OR: 2.31; CI95%:1.27-4.20), and the lack of information regarding breastfeeding (OR: 1.91; CI 95%:1.01-2.98). There is a need to develop pre and postnatal educational programs about EBF, timely milk extraction and conservation and the strengthening of facilitators in every lactating mother, specifically those who have to work outside home(AU)

Efficacy of a chlorhexidine-gluconate impregnated patch for prevention of catheter-related infections in pediatric patients: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background. Nosocomial infections are risk factors related to intrahospital mortality. Among other factors, these infections are strongly associated with invasive devices. In pediatric patients, the central venous catheter (CVC) is one of the most frequently related device-associated bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a chlorhexidine-gluconate impregnated patch (CHGp) in reducing infections related to CVC in pediatric patients. Methods. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. An electronic search of the literature (Medline, EMBASE, Lilacs and the Cochrane Library Plus) from 1966 to December 2010 was carried out for clinical trials comparing the CHGp vs. standard case management for prevention of catheter tip colonization (CTC); bloodstream infections (BSI) were retrieved. Results. Only two clinical trials were found with a total of 850 participants. Patients randomized to the CHGp group showed a lower incidence of CTC than the control group (14% vs. 25%), relative risk [RR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI 95% (0.45, 0.81)], p = 0.001), with a number needed to treat of 11. BSI showed a RR: 1.14, ([CI 95% (0.57, 2.28)], p = 0.71). Adverse events were found mainly in the CHGp group and were described as local skin reactions in 5.6% (RR 8.17 [95% CI: 1.19-56.14], p = 0.04). Local necrosis was present in only two infants of very low birth weight (0.48%). Conclusions. This meta-analysis demonstrated that the chlorhexidine-gluconate impregnated patch is effective in reducing CVC-related infections in the pediatric population. Serious adverse events are rare.